Enhancement of the Thermal Stability of Engine Block Alloy Al-10Si-1Cu-0.5Mg-0.5Ni-0.5Fe with Trace Additions of Ti and Zr
Abstract
An investigation was carried out on the Al-10Si-1Cu-0.5Mg-0.5Ni-0.5Fe alloy engine block, emphasizing its physical and mechanical characteristics, as well as the presence of trace titanium (Ti) and zirconium (Zr). Three different alloys underwent processes such as homogenization, T6 solution treatment, quenching, and aging to observe both natural and artificial aging responses. The development of Al2Cu and Mg2Si phases within the aluminum matrix during the aging process led to the attainment of peak-aged strength. However, this strength diminished in the over-aged condition due to precipitation coarsening and recrystallization phenomena. The addition of Ti effectively refined the α-Al grain structure and led to the formation of thermally stable nano-sized Al3Ti dispersoids, which did not significantly enhance strength but prevented a drastic decline in the strength of the thermally damaged alloy. The simultaneous addition of Ti and Zr to the alloy further facilitated the precipitation of Al3(Ti, Zr) dispersoids, enhancing this capability. Trace addition reduced the alloys' toughness as well as thermal conductivity to a small extent due to grain refinement and precipitation formation, but these properties improved during aging due to recovery and recrystallization. Microstructural analysis of the alloys indicated that trace additions facilitated the formation of more finely distributed grains, contributing to grain refinement and preventing recrystallization in the over-aged state. The enhanced homogeneity of the grains due to trace additions was further supported by fractography studies.
Keywords:
Al-Si engine block, trace addition, age hardening, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, microstructureReferences
1. Aerospace Applications, 2nd ed., Springer, London, UK, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58380-8
2. Razin A.A., Ahammed D.S-S., Khan A.A., Kaiser M.S., Thermophysical properties of hypoeutectic, eutectic and hypereutectic Al-Si automotive alloys under ageing treatment. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 59(3): 673–682, 2024, https://doi.org/10.59957/jctm.v59.i3.2024.22
3. Torres R., Esparza J., Velasco E., Garcia-Luna S., Colas R., Characterisation of an aluminium engine block, International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties, 1(2): 129–138, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMP.2006.010621
4. Hoag K., Dondlinger B., Vehicular Engine Design, 2nd ed., Springer, London, UK, 2016.
5. Callegari B., Lima T.N., Coelho R.S., The influence of alloying elements on the microstructure and properties of Al-Si-based casting alloys: A review, Metals, 13(7): 1174, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071174
6. Kaiser M.S., Khan A.A., Sharma S.D., Nur M.A., Investigation on electrochemical corrosion behavior of eutectic Al-Si automotive alloy in0.2 M HCl, NaOH and NaCl environments, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 58(5): 969–980, 2023.
7. Razin A.A., Ahammed D.S., Nur M.A., Kaiser M.S., Role of Si on machined surfaces of Al-based automotive alloys under varying machining parameters, Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, 6(1): 43–52, 2022, https://doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2021.6.1.43
8. Ervina Efzan M.N., Kong H.J., Kok C.K., Review: effect of alloying element on Al-Si alloys, Advanced Materials Research, 845: 355–359, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.355
9. Kaiser M.S., Sabbir S.H., Soumo M.R., Kabir M.S., Nur M.A., Heat treatment effect on the physical and mechanical properties of Fe, Ni and Cr added hyper-eutectic Al-Si automotive alloy, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 55(2): 409–416, 2020.
10. Toschi S., Optimization of A354 Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy heat treatment: effect on microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties of peak aged and overaged alloy, Metals, 8(11): 961, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110961
11. Mao H., Bai X., Song F., Song Y., Jia Z., Xu H., Wang Y., Effect of Cd on mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys under different multi-stage solution heat treatment, Materials , 15(15): 5101, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155101
12. Mohamed A.M.A., Samuel F.H., A review on the heat treatment of Al-Si-Cu/Mg casting alloys, [in:] Heat Treatment: Conventional and Novel Applications, Czerwinski F. (Ed.), Ch. 4, IntechOpen, London, UK, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5772/50282
13. Zuo L., Ye B., Feng J., Zhang H., Kong X., Jiang H., Effect of ε-Al3Ni phase on mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni alloys at elevated temperature, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 772: 138794, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138794
14. Cho Y.H., Kim H.W., Lee J.M., Kim M.S., A new approach to the design of a low Si-added Al–Si casting alloy for optimising thermal conductivity and fluidity, Journal of Materials Science, 50(22): 7271–7281, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9282-8
15. Cho Y.H., Joo D.H., Kim C.H., Lee H.C., The effect of alloy addition on the high temperature properties of over-aged Al-Si(CuNiMg) cast alloys, Materials Science Forum, 519–521: 461–466, 2006, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.461
16. Gholizadeh R., Shabestari S.G., Investigation of the effects of Ni, Fe, and Mn on the formation of complex intermetallic compounds in Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 42(11): 3447–3458, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-0764-2
17. Liu Y., Luo L., Han C., Ou L., Wang J., Liu C., Effect of Fe, Si and cooling rate on the formation of Fe- and Mn-rich intermetallics in Al-5Mg-0.8Mn alloy, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 32(4): 305–312, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2015.10.010
18. Zhang J.-Ch, Ding D.-Y, Zhang W.-L, Kang S.-H, Xu X.-L, Gao Y.-J, Chen G.-Z, Chen W.-G, You X.-H, Effect of Zr addition on microstructure and properties of Al−Mn−Si−Zn-based alloy, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24(12): 3872−3878, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63545-7
19. Hideo Y., Yoshio B., The role of zirconium to improve strength and stress-corrosion resistance of Al−Zn−Mg and A−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys, Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals, 23(10): 620−630, 1982, https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.23.620
20. Kaiser M.S., Kurny A.S.W., Effect of scandium on the grain refining and ageing behaviour of cast Al-Si-Mg alloy, Iranian Journal of Materials Sciences and Engineering, 8(4): 1–8, 2011
21. Chen J., Wen F., Liu C., Li W., Zhou Q., Zhu W., Zhang Y., Guan R., The microstructure and property of Al–Si alloy improved by the Sc-microalloying and Y2O3 nano-particles, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 22(1): 205–217, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2021.1891841
22. Chen Z., Yan K., Grain refinement of commercially pure aluminum with addition of Ti and Zr elements based on crystallography orientation, Scientific Reports, 10(1): 16591, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73799-2
23. Zhao Z., Li D., Yan X., Chen Y., Jia Z., Zhang D., Han M., Wang X., Liu G., Liu X., Liu S., Insights into the dual effects of Ti on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 189: 44–59, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.12.014
24. Chester G.V., Thellung A., The law of Wiedemann and Franz. Proceedings of the Physical Society, 77(5): 1005-1013, 1961, https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1328/77/5/309
25. Guo M.X., Zhang Y.D., Li G.J., Jin S.B., Sha G., Zhang J.S., Zhuang L.Z., Lavernia E.J., Solute clustering in Al-Mg-Si-Cu-(Zn) alloys during aging, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 774: 347–363, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.309
26. Spigarelli S., Cabibbo M., Evangelista E., Bidulská J., A study of the hot formability of an Al-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy, Journal of Materials Science, 38: 81–88, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021161715742
27. Wang Z., Pu Q., Li Y., Xia P., Geng J., Li X., Wang M., Chen D., Wang H., Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with the combined addition of Ti and Zr, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 22: 747–761, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.106
28. Ding L., Jia Z., Zhang Z., Sanders R.E., Liu Q., Yang G., The natural aging and precipitation hardening behaviour of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys with different Mg/Si ratios and Cu additions, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 627: 119–126, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.086
29. Ghassemali E., Riestra M., Bogdanoff T., Kumar B.S., Seifeddine S., Hall-Petch equation in a hypoeutectic Al-Si cast alloy: grain size vs. secondary dendrite arm spacing, Procedia Engineering, 207: 19–24, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.731
30. Xiao L., Yu H., Qin Y., Liu G., Peng Z., Tu X., Su H., Xiao Y., Zhong Q., Wang S., Cai Z., Zhao X., Microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni-Cr alloys: effects of time and temperature on two-stage solution treatment and ageing, Materials, 16 (7): 2675, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072675
31. Gao T., Zhang Y., Liu X., Influence of trace Ti on the microstructure, age hardening behavior and mechanical properties of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 598: 293–298, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.062
32. Lee H.M., Lee J., Lee Z.-H., Lattice misfit variation of Al3(Ti, V, Zr) in Al-Ti-V-Zr alloys, Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 25(3): 517–520, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-716X(91)90082-C
33. Knipling K.E., Dunand D.C., Seidman D.N., Precipitation evolution in Al-Zr and Al-Zr-Ti alloys during aging at 450-600°C, Acta Materialia, 56(6): 1182–1195, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.11.011
34. Fan S., Guo X., Jiang Q., Li Z., Ma J, Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Ti and Zr micro-alloyed Al-Cu alloy fabricated by wire + arc additive manufacturing, The Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), 75(10): 4115–4127, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-05900-9
35. Kaiser M.S., Effect of trace impurities on the thermoelectric properties of commercially pure aluminum, Materials Physics and Mechanics, 47(4): 582–591, 2021, https://doi.org/10.18149/MPM.4742021_5
36. Sjölander E., Seifeddine S., The heat treatment of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 210(10): 1249–1259, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.03.020
37. Kaiser M.S., Effect of solution treatment on the age-hardening behavior of Al-12Si-1Mg-1Cu piston alloy with trace-Zr addition, Journal of Casting and Materials Engineering, 2(2): 30–37, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7494/jcme.2018.2.2.30
38. Kumar R.N., Prabhu T.R., Siddaraju C., Effect of thermal exposure on mechanical properties hypo eutectic aerospace grade aluminium-silicon alloy, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 149: 012047, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/149/1/012047
39. Shaha S.K., Czerwinski F., Chen D.L, Kasprzak W., Dislocation slip distance during compression of Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloy with additions of Ti–Zr–V, Materials Science and Technology, 31(1): 63–72, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000606
40. Pio L.Y., Effect of T6 heat treatment on the mechanical properties of gravity die cast A356 aluminium alloy, Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(11): 2048–2052, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2011.2048.2052
41. Kim J.-H., Jeun J.-H., Chun H.-J., Lee Y.-R., Yoo J.-T., Yoon J.-H., Lee H.-S., Effect of precipitates on mechanical properties of AA2195, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 669: 187–198, 2016,
42. Shoummo M.R., Khan A.A., Kaiser M.S., True stress-strain behavior of Al-based cast automotive alloy under different ageing condition and the effect of trace Zr, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology, 6(2): 95–106, 2022, https://doi.org/10.17977/um016v6i22022p095
43. Huda Z., Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Fundamentals, Analysis, and Calculations, Mechanical Engineering Series, Springer Cham, Switzerland, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84927-6
44. Ma A., Saito N., Shigematsu I., Suzuki K., Takagi M., Nishida Y., Iwata H., Imura T., Effect of heat treatment on impact toughness of aluminum silicon eutectic alloy processed by rotary-die equal-channel angular pressing, Materials Transactions, 45(2): 399–402, 2004, https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.45.399
45. Waheed A., Lorimer G.W., Pinning of subgrain boundaries by Al3Zr dispersoids during annealing in Al-Li commercial alloys, Journal of Materials Science Letters, 16(20): 1643–1646, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018557510550
46. Hamdi I., Boumerzoug Z., Chabane F., Study of precipitation kinetics of an Al-Mg-Si alloy using differential scanning calorimetry, Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, 23(2): 155–160, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i2.908
47. Ludwig T.H., Schaffer P.L., Arnberg L., Influence of some trace elements on solidification path and microstructure of Al-Si foundry alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44(8): 3783–3796, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1694-y
48. Chaudhury S.K., Warke V., Shankar S., Apelian D., Localized recrystallization in cast Al-Si-Mg alloy during solution heat treatment: dilatometric and calorimetric studies, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 42(10): 3160–3169, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-0716-x
49. Feng J., Ye B., Zuo L., Qi R., Wang Q., Jiang H., Huang R., Ding W., Yao J., Wang C., Effects of Zr, Ti and Sc additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-0.4Cu-0.14Si-0.05Mg-0.2Fe alloys, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 34(12): 2316–2324, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.05.011
50. Knipling K.E., Dunand D.C., Seidman D.N., Precipitation evolution in Al–Zr and Al–Zr–Ti alloys during isothermal aging at 375–425°C, Acta Materialia, 56(1): 114–127, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.004
51. Lee S.-H., Jung J.-G., Baik S-.I., Park S.-H., Kim M.-S., Lee Y.-K., Euh K., Effects of Ti addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 801: 140437, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140437
52. Farkoosh A.R., Javidani M., Hoseini M., Larouche D., Pekguleryuz M., Phase formation in as-solidified and heat-treated Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Ni alloys: thermodynamic assessment and experimental investigation for alloy design, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 551: 596–606, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.182
53. Kasprzak W., Amirkhiz B.S., Niewczas M., Structure and properties of cast Al–Si based alloy with Zr–V–Ti additions and its evaluation of high temperature performance, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 595: 67–79, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.11.209
54. Meng Y., Zhang H., Li X., Zhou X., Mo H., Wang L., Fan J., Tensile fracture behavior of 2A14 aluminum alloy produced by extrusion process, Metals, 12(2): 184, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020184
55. Lados D.A., Apelian D., Major J.F., Fatigue crack growth mechanisms at the microstructure scale in Al-Si-Mg cast alloys: mechanisms in regions II and III, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 37(8): 2405–2418, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02586215
56. Kaiser M.S., Solution treatment effect on tensile, impact and fracture behaviour of trace Zr added Al–12Si–1Mg–1Cu piston alloy, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, 99(1): 109–114, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-017-0140-5
2. Razin A.A., Ahammed D.S-S., Khan A.A., Kaiser M.S., Thermophysical properties of hypoeutectic, eutectic and hypereutectic Al-Si automotive alloys under ageing treatment. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 59(3): 673–682, 2024, https://doi.org/10.59957/jctm.v59.i3.2024.22
3. Torres R., Esparza J., Velasco E., Garcia-Luna S., Colas R., Characterisation of an aluminium engine block, International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties, 1(2): 129–138, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMP.2006.010621
4. Hoag K., Dondlinger B., Vehicular Engine Design, 2nd ed., Springer, London, UK, 2016.
5. Callegari B., Lima T.N., Coelho R.S., The influence of alloying elements on the microstructure and properties of Al-Si-based casting alloys: A review, Metals, 13(7): 1174, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071174
6. Kaiser M.S., Khan A.A., Sharma S.D., Nur M.A., Investigation on electrochemical corrosion behavior of eutectic Al-Si automotive alloy in0.2 M HCl, NaOH and NaCl environments, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 58(5): 969–980, 2023.
7. Razin A.A., Ahammed D.S., Nur M.A., Kaiser M.S., Role of Si on machined surfaces of Al-based automotive alloys under varying machining parameters, Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, 6(1): 43–52, 2022, https://doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2021.6.1.43
8. Ervina Efzan M.N., Kong H.J., Kok C.K., Review: effect of alloying element on Al-Si alloys, Advanced Materials Research, 845: 355–359, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.355
9. Kaiser M.S., Sabbir S.H., Soumo M.R., Kabir M.S., Nur M.A., Heat treatment effect on the physical and mechanical properties of Fe, Ni and Cr added hyper-eutectic Al-Si automotive alloy, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 55(2): 409–416, 2020.
10. Toschi S., Optimization of A354 Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy heat treatment: effect on microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties of peak aged and overaged alloy, Metals, 8(11): 961, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110961
11. Mao H., Bai X., Song F., Song Y., Jia Z., Xu H., Wang Y., Effect of Cd on mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys under different multi-stage solution heat treatment, Materials , 15(15): 5101, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155101
12. Mohamed A.M.A., Samuel F.H., A review on the heat treatment of Al-Si-Cu/Mg casting alloys, [in:] Heat Treatment: Conventional and Novel Applications, Czerwinski F. (Ed.), Ch. 4, IntechOpen, London, UK, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5772/50282
13. Zuo L., Ye B., Feng J., Zhang H., Kong X., Jiang H., Effect of ε-Al3Ni phase on mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni alloys at elevated temperature, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 772: 138794, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138794
14. Cho Y.H., Kim H.W., Lee J.M., Kim M.S., A new approach to the design of a low Si-added Al–Si casting alloy for optimising thermal conductivity and fluidity, Journal of Materials Science, 50(22): 7271–7281, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9282-8
15. Cho Y.H., Joo D.H., Kim C.H., Lee H.C., The effect of alloy addition on the high temperature properties of over-aged Al-Si(CuNiMg) cast alloys, Materials Science Forum, 519–521: 461–466, 2006, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.461
16. Gholizadeh R., Shabestari S.G., Investigation of the effects of Ni, Fe, and Mn on the formation of complex intermetallic compounds in Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 42(11): 3447–3458, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-0764-2
17. Liu Y., Luo L., Han C., Ou L., Wang J., Liu C., Effect of Fe, Si and cooling rate on the formation of Fe- and Mn-rich intermetallics in Al-5Mg-0.8Mn alloy, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 32(4): 305–312, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2015.10.010
18. Zhang J.-Ch, Ding D.-Y, Zhang W.-L, Kang S.-H, Xu X.-L, Gao Y.-J, Chen G.-Z, Chen W.-G, You X.-H, Effect of Zr addition on microstructure and properties of Al−Mn−Si−Zn-based alloy, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24(12): 3872−3878, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63545-7
19. Hideo Y., Yoshio B., The role of zirconium to improve strength and stress-corrosion resistance of Al−Zn−Mg and A−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys, Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals, 23(10): 620−630, 1982, https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.23.620
20. Kaiser M.S., Kurny A.S.W., Effect of scandium on the grain refining and ageing behaviour of cast Al-Si-Mg alloy, Iranian Journal of Materials Sciences and Engineering, 8(4): 1–8, 2011
21. Chen J., Wen F., Liu C., Li W., Zhou Q., Zhu W., Zhang Y., Guan R., The microstructure and property of Al–Si alloy improved by the Sc-microalloying and Y2O3 nano-particles, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 22(1): 205–217, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2021.1891841
22. Chen Z., Yan K., Grain refinement of commercially pure aluminum with addition of Ti and Zr elements based on crystallography orientation, Scientific Reports, 10(1): 16591, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73799-2
23. Zhao Z., Li D., Yan X., Chen Y., Jia Z., Zhang D., Han M., Wang X., Liu G., Liu X., Liu S., Insights into the dual effects of Ti on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 189: 44–59, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.12.014
24. Chester G.V., Thellung A., The law of Wiedemann and Franz. Proceedings of the Physical Society, 77(5): 1005-1013, 1961, https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1328/77/5/309
25. Guo M.X., Zhang Y.D., Li G.J., Jin S.B., Sha G., Zhang J.S., Zhuang L.Z., Lavernia E.J., Solute clustering in Al-Mg-Si-Cu-(Zn) alloys during aging, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 774: 347–363, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.309
26. Spigarelli S., Cabibbo M., Evangelista E., Bidulská J., A study of the hot formability of an Al-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy, Journal of Materials Science, 38: 81–88, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021161715742
27. Wang Z., Pu Q., Li Y., Xia P., Geng J., Li X., Wang M., Chen D., Wang H., Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with the combined addition of Ti and Zr, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 22: 747–761, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.106
28. Ding L., Jia Z., Zhang Z., Sanders R.E., Liu Q., Yang G., The natural aging and precipitation hardening behaviour of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys with different Mg/Si ratios and Cu additions, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 627: 119–126, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.086
29. Ghassemali E., Riestra M., Bogdanoff T., Kumar B.S., Seifeddine S., Hall-Petch equation in a hypoeutectic Al-Si cast alloy: grain size vs. secondary dendrite arm spacing, Procedia Engineering, 207: 19–24, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.731
30. Xiao L., Yu H., Qin Y., Liu G., Peng Z., Tu X., Su H., Xiao Y., Zhong Q., Wang S., Cai Z., Zhao X., Microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni-Cr alloys: effects of time and temperature on two-stage solution treatment and ageing, Materials, 16 (7): 2675, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072675
31. Gao T., Zhang Y., Liu X., Influence of trace Ti on the microstructure, age hardening behavior and mechanical properties of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 598: 293–298, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.062
32. Lee H.M., Lee J., Lee Z.-H., Lattice misfit variation of Al3(Ti, V, Zr) in Al-Ti-V-Zr alloys, Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 25(3): 517–520, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-716X(91)90082-C
33. Knipling K.E., Dunand D.C., Seidman D.N., Precipitation evolution in Al-Zr and Al-Zr-Ti alloys during aging at 450-600°C, Acta Materialia, 56(6): 1182–1195, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.11.011
34. Fan S., Guo X., Jiang Q., Li Z., Ma J, Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Ti and Zr micro-alloyed Al-Cu alloy fabricated by wire + arc additive manufacturing, The Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), 75(10): 4115–4127, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-05900-9
35. Kaiser M.S., Effect of trace impurities on the thermoelectric properties of commercially pure aluminum, Materials Physics and Mechanics, 47(4): 582–591, 2021, https://doi.org/10.18149/MPM.4742021_5
36. Sjölander E., Seifeddine S., The heat treatment of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 210(10): 1249–1259, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.03.020
37. Kaiser M.S., Effect of solution treatment on the age-hardening behavior of Al-12Si-1Mg-1Cu piston alloy with trace-Zr addition, Journal of Casting and Materials Engineering, 2(2): 30–37, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7494/jcme.2018.2.2.30
38. Kumar R.N., Prabhu T.R., Siddaraju C., Effect of thermal exposure on mechanical properties hypo eutectic aerospace grade aluminium-silicon alloy, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 149: 012047, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/149/1/012047
39. Shaha S.K., Czerwinski F., Chen D.L, Kasprzak W., Dislocation slip distance during compression of Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloy with additions of Ti–Zr–V, Materials Science and Technology, 31(1): 63–72, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000606
40. Pio L.Y., Effect of T6 heat treatment on the mechanical properties of gravity die cast A356 aluminium alloy, Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(11): 2048–2052, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2011.2048.2052
41. Kim J.-H., Jeun J.-H., Chun H.-J., Lee Y.-R., Yoo J.-T., Yoon J.-H., Lee H.-S., Effect of precipitates on mechanical properties of AA2195, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 669: 187–198, 2016,
42. Shoummo M.R., Khan A.A., Kaiser M.S., True stress-strain behavior of Al-based cast automotive alloy under different ageing condition and the effect of trace Zr, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology, 6(2): 95–106, 2022, https://doi.org/10.17977/um016v6i22022p095
43. Huda Z., Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Fundamentals, Analysis, and Calculations, Mechanical Engineering Series, Springer Cham, Switzerland, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84927-6
44. Ma A., Saito N., Shigematsu I., Suzuki K., Takagi M., Nishida Y., Iwata H., Imura T., Effect of heat treatment on impact toughness of aluminum silicon eutectic alloy processed by rotary-die equal-channel angular pressing, Materials Transactions, 45(2): 399–402, 2004, https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.45.399
45. Waheed A., Lorimer G.W., Pinning of subgrain boundaries by Al3Zr dispersoids during annealing in Al-Li commercial alloys, Journal of Materials Science Letters, 16(20): 1643–1646, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018557510550
46. Hamdi I., Boumerzoug Z., Chabane F., Study of precipitation kinetics of an Al-Mg-Si alloy using differential scanning calorimetry, Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, 23(2): 155–160, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i2.908
47. Ludwig T.H., Schaffer P.L., Arnberg L., Influence of some trace elements on solidification path and microstructure of Al-Si foundry alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44(8): 3783–3796, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1694-y
48. Chaudhury S.K., Warke V., Shankar S., Apelian D., Localized recrystallization in cast Al-Si-Mg alloy during solution heat treatment: dilatometric and calorimetric studies, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 42(10): 3160–3169, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-0716-x
49. Feng J., Ye B., Zuo L., Qi R., Wang Q., Jiang H., Huang R., Ding W., Yao J., Wang C., Effects of Zr, Ti and Sc additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-0.4Cu-0.14Si-0.05Mg-0.2Fe alloys, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 34(12): 2316–2324, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.05.011
50. Knipling K.E., Dunand D.C., Seidman D.N., Precipitation evolution in Al–Zr and Al–Zr–Ti alloys during isothermal aging at 375–425°C, Acta Materialia, 56(1): 114–127, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.004
51. Lee S.-H., Jung J.-G., Baik S-.I., Park S.-H., Kim M.-S., Lee Y.-K., Euh K., Effects of Ti addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 801: 140437, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140437
52. Farkoosh A.R., Javidani M., Hoseini M., Larouche D., Pekguleryuz M., Phase formation in as-solidified and heat-treated Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Ni alloys: thermodynamic assessment and experimental investigation for alloy design, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 551: 596–606, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.182
53. Kasprzak W., Amirkhiz B.S., Niewczas M., Structure and properties of cast Al–Si based alloy with Zr–V–Ti additions and its evaluation of high temperature performance, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 595: 67–79, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.11.209
54. Meng Y., Zhang H., Li X., Zhou X., Mo H., Wang L., Fan J., Tensile fracture behavior of 2A14 aluminum alloy produced by extrusion process, Metals, 12(2): 184, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020184
55. Lados D.A., Apelian D., Major J.F., Fatigue crack growth mechanisms at the microstructure scale in Al-Si-Mg cast alloys: mechanisms in regions II and III, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 37(8): 2405–2418, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02586215
56. Kaiser M.S., Solution treatment effect on tensile, impact and fracture behaviour of trace Zr added Al–12Si–1Mg–1Cu piston alloy, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, 99(1): 109–114, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-017-0140-5
